英文翻译-信息时代的机械工程
Mechanical Engineering in the Information Age
In the early 1980s, engineers thought that massive research would be
needed to speed up product development. As it turns out, less research is
actually needed because shortened product development cycles encourage
engineers to use available technology. Developing a revolutionary
technology for use in a new product is risky and prone to failure. Taking
short steps is a safer and usually more successful approach to product
development.
Shorter product development cycles are also beneficial in an
engineering would in which both capital and labor are global. People who
can design and manufacture various products can be found anywhere in
the world, but containing a new idea is hard. Geographic distance is no
longer a barrier to others finding out about your development six months
into the process. If you’ve got a short development cycle, the situation is
not catastrophic－as long as you maintain your lead. But if you’re in the
midst of a six-year development process and a competitor gets wind of
your work, the project could be in more serious trouble.
The idea that engineers need to create a new design to solve every
problem is quickly becoming obsolete. The first step in the modern
design process is to browse the Internet or other information systems to
see if someone else has already designed a transmission, or a heat
exchanger that is close to what you need. Through these information
systems, you may discover that someone already has manufacturing
drawings, numerical control programs, and everything else required to
manufacture your product. Engineers can then focus their professional
competence on unsolved problems.
Many engineers have as their function the designing of products that are
to be brought into reality through the processing or fabrication of
materials. In this capacity they are a key factor in the material selection-
manufacturing procedure. A design engineer, better than any other
person, should know what he or she wants a design to accomplish. He
knows what assumptions he has made about service loads and
requirements, what service environment the product must withstand, and
what appearance he wants the final product to have. In order to meet
these requirements he must select and specify the material(s) to be used.
In most cases, in order to utilize the material and to enable the product to
have the desired form, he knows that certain manufacturing processes
will have to be employed. In many instances, the selection of a specific
material may dictate what processing must be used. At the same time,
when certain processes are to be used, the design may have to be
modified may dictate what processing must be used. At the same time,
when certain processes are to be used, the design may have be modified
in order for the process to be utilized effectively and economically.
Certain dimensional tolerances can dictate the processing. In any case, in
the sequence of converting the design into reality, such decisions must be
made by someone. In most instances they can be made most effectively at
the design stage, by the designer if he has are a son ably adequate
knowledge concerning materials and manufacturing processes.
Otherwise, decisions may be made that will detract from thee
effectiveness of the product, or the product may be needlessly costly. It is
thus apparent that design engineers are a vital factor in the manufacturing
process, and it is indeed a blessing to the company if they can design for
producibility—that is, for efficient production.
Manufacturing engineers select and coordinate specific processes
and equipment to be used, or supervise and manage their use. Some
design special tooling that is used so that standard machines can be
utilized en producing specific products. These engineers must habe
abroad knowledge of machine and process capabilities and of materials,
so that desired operations can be done effectively and effi8ciently without
overloading or damaging machines and without adversely affecting the
materials being processed. These manufacturing engineers also play an
important role en manufacturing.
A relatively small group of engineers design the machines and
equipment used en manufacturing. They obviously are design engineers
and, relative to their products, they have the same concerns of the
interrelationship of design, materials, and manufacturing processes.
However they have an even greater concern regarding the properties of
the materials that their machines are going to process and the
interrelations of the materials and machines.
Still another group of engineers—the materials engineers—devote
their major efforts toward developing new and better materials. They, too,
must be concerned with how these materials can be processed and with
the effects the processing will have on the properties of the materials.
Although their roles may be quite different, it is apparent that a large
proportion of engineers must concern themselves with the
interrelationship between materials and manufacturing processes.
Low-cost manufacture does not just happen. There is a close and
interdependent relationship between the design of a product, selection of
materials, selection of processes and equipment, and tooling selection and
design. Each of these must be carefully considered, planned, and
coordinated before manufacturing starts. This lead time, particularly for
complicated products, may take months, even years, and the expenditure
of large amount of money may be involved. Typically, the lead time for a
completely new model of an automobile is about 2 years, for amodern
aircraft it may be 4years.
In tackling such problems, the availability of high-powered personal
computers and access to the information highway dramatically enhance
the capability of the engineering team and its productivity. These
information age tools can give the team access to massive databases of
material properties, standards, technologies, and successful designs. Such
protested designs can be downloaded for direct use or quickly modified to
meet specific needs. Remote manufacturing, in which product
instructions are sent out over a network, is also possible. You could end
up with a virtual company where you don’t have to see any hardware.
When the product is completed, you can direct the manufacturer to drop-
ship it to your customer. Periodic visits to the customer can be made to
ensure that the product you designed is working according to the
specifications. Although all of these developments won’t apply equally to
every company, the potential is there.
Custom design used to be left to small companies. Big companies
sneered at it－they hated the idea of dealing with niche markets or small-
volume custom solutions. “Here is my product,” One of the big
companies would say. “ This is the best we can make it －you ought to
like it. If you don’t, there’s smaller company down the street that will
work on your problem. ”
Today, nearly every market is a niche market, because customers are
selective. If you ignore the potential for tailoring your product to specific
customers’ needs, you will lose the major part of your market share －
perhaps all of it. Since these niche markets are transient, your company
needs to be in a position to respond to them quickly.
The emergence of niche markets and design on demand has altered
the way engineers conduct research. Today, research is commonly
directed toward solving particular problems. Although this situation is
probably temporary, much uncommitted technology, developed at
government expense or written off by major corporations, is available
today at very low cost. Following modest modifications, such technology
can often be used directly in product development, which allows many
organizations to avoid the expense of an extensive research effort. Once
the technology is free of major obstacles, the research effort can focus on
overcoming the barriers to commercialization rather than on pursuing
new and interesting, but undefined, alternatives.
When viewed in this perspective, engineering research must focus
primarily on removing the barriers to rapid commercialization of known
technologies. Much of this effort must address quality and reliability
concerns, which are foremost in the minds of today’s consumers. Clearly,
a reputation for poor quality is synonymous with bad business.
Everything possible －including thorough inspection at the end of the
manufacturing line and automatic replacement of defective products －
must be done to assure that the customer receives a properly functioning
product.
Research has to focus on the cost benefit of factors such as
reliability. As reliability increases, manufacturing costs and the final cost
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MechanicalEngineeringintheInformationAgeIntheearly1980s,engineersthoughtthatmassiveresearchwouldbeneededtospeedupproductdevelopment.Asitturnsout,lessresearchisactuallyneededbecauseshortenedproductdevelopmentcyclesencourageengineerstouseavailabletechnology.Developingarevolutionarytechnologyforuseinan...
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作者：闻远设计
分类：课程设计课件资料
价格：15光币
属性：7 页
大小：39.5KB
格式：DOC
时间：2023-09-29
