研究储罐事故外文翻译
外 文 译 文
A study of storage tank accidents
James I. Changa, Cheng-Chung Linb
【Abstract 】 This paper reviews 242 accidents of storage tanks that occurred in
industrial facilities over last 40 years. Fishbone Diagram is applied to analyze the
causes that lead to accidents. Corrective actions are also provided to help operating
engineers handling similar situations in the future. The results show that 74% of
accidents occurred in petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage. Fire and explosion
account for 85%of the accidents. There were 80 accidents (33%) caused by lightning
and 72 (30%) caused by human errors including poor operations and maintenance.
Other causes were equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line
rupture, static electricity, open flames etc. Most of those accidents would have been
avoided if good engineering have been practiced.
Keywords: Fishbone Diagram; Accident statistics, fire and explosion222
1. Introduction
Storage tanks in refineries and chemical plants contain large volumes of flammable
and hazardous chemicals. A small accident may lead to million-dollar property loss and
a few days of production interruption. A large accident results in lawsuits, stock
devaluation, or company bank- ruptcy. In last 50 years, trade organizations and
engineering societies such as American petroleum institute (API),American institute
of chemical engineers (AIChE),American society of mechanical engineers (ASME),
and national fire protection association (NFPA) have published strict engineering
guidelines and standards for the construction, material selection, design and safe
management of storage tanks and their accessories (AIChE, 1988;1993; API, 1988;
1990; ASME, 2004; NFPA, 1992; UL,1986; 1987). Most companies follow those
standards and guidelines in the design, construction and operation, but tank accidents
still occur. Learning from the past history is definitely important for the future safe
operation of storage tanks.3
The purpose of this paper is to categorize the causes that lead to 242 tank accidents
occurred in last 40 years. The fishbone diagram (The cause and effect diagram)
invented by Dr Kaoru Ishikawa (Ishikawa and Lu, 1985) is used to summarize the
effects and the causes that create or contribute to those effects. We hope that this
work will be beneficial to tank operators and engineers.
2. Overall statistics
The information of 242 tank accidents reviewed in this work was collected from
published reports (March and Mclennan, 1990; 1997; 2002; Persson and
Lonnermark,2004), books (CPC, 1983; 2002; Pekalski, 1997; Lees,1996), CSB
incident news (USCSB, 2000-2003) and databases (UQ, 2001; USCHSIB, 2004;
ICHemE, 2002;PAJ, 2004; USNOAO, 1999). There were 114 occurred in North
America, 72 in Asia and 38 in Europe (Table 1). USA had 105 accidents reviewed
because of the easy accessibility to accident information. As indicated in Table 2,
accidents occurred more frequently at petroleum refineries with 116 cases (47.9%).
The second mostfrequently involved place was terminals andpumping stations (64
cases, 26.4%). Only 25.7% of accidents occurred in petrochemical plants (12.8%), oil
fields (2.5%), and other types of industrial facilities (10.3%)such as power plants, gas
plants, pipelines, fertilizer plants, etc. Crude oil, gasoline and oil products such as fuel
oil, diesel,etc. were major contents (Table 3). The atmospheric external floating roof
tank was the most frequent type and the atmospheric cone top tank was the second
most frequent type. Both types were used extensively for the storage of crude oil,
gasoline,Fire was
and diesel oil (Table 4).the most frequent type of loss with 145 cases and explosion
was the second most frequent type of losswith 61 cases as indicated in Table 5. Fire
and explosion together accounted for 85% of total cases. Oil spill and toxic gas/liquid
release were the third and the fourth most frequent, respectively. The tank body
distortion and the worker's falling only occurred a few times. Property losses were
rarely reported and the information was difficult to find. The average property loss of
the 10 largest storage tank damage losses listed in Table 6 is 114 million in January
2002 dollars.
3. Causes of accidents
As indicated in Table 7, lightning was the most frequent cause of accident and the
maintenance error was the secondmost frequent cause. The rest were operational
error,equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static
electricity, open flames etc. To illustrate causes and effects, a fishbone diagram as
shown in Fig. 1 was developed. A fishbone diagram as shown in Fig. 2 was also
developed for the prevention of accidents.
3.1. Light}ci}cg
There are two major causes of lightning related fires. The first one is a direct strike
and the second is the secondary effects such as the bound charge, the electromagnetic
pulse, the electrostatic pulse and the earth currents (Carpenter,1996). A direct lightning
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外文译文AstudyofstoragetankaccidentsJamesI.Changa,Cheng-ChungLinb【Abstract】Thispaperreviews242accidentsofstoragetanksthatoccurredinindustrialfacilitiesoverlast40years.FishboneDiagramisappliedtoanalyzethecausesthatleadtoaccidents.Correctiveactionsarealsoprovidedtohelpoperatingengineershandlingsimilarsitu...
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作者：闻远设计
分类：课程设计课件资料
价格：5光币
属性：9 页
大小：60KB
格式：DOC
时间：2022-10-23
